Which of the following is a side effect of ESRD related dialysis?

In end-stage renal disease (ESRD), dialysis plays a critical role in managing the accumulation of waste products and excess fluid in the body due to the kidneys' diminished ability to perform these functions. Sodium retention is a significant side effect associated with dialysis in patients with ESRD.

When kidneys aren’t functioning properly, they can't adequately excrete sodium, leading to its accumulation in the body. Dialysis patients often experience fluid overload, which can cause hypertension and edema due to sodium retention. While dialysis does help in removing excess sodium to some extent, the overall retention can still occur between sessions, especially if patients consume high-sodium diets or if their dialysis regime is not adequately tailored to their needs.

In contrast, increased urine output is typically not observed in ESRD patients on dialysis, as they often produce minimal or no urine. Decreased electrolytes can occur if dialysis is effective, but it is not inherently a side effect of the process itself, rather it is the desired outcome in regulating electrolyte balance. Improved kidney function is not a side effect of dialysis, as the procedure does not restore kidneys to normal function but rather substitutes for their role in waste removal.