Which adverse effect is associated with barbiturates?

Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants that have been used historically for various medical conditions, including anxiety and insomnia. One of the notable adverse effects associated with long-term use of barbiturates is the potential for bone disease. This can be attributed to their ability to induce hepatic enzymes, which can lead to alterations in vitamin D metabolism, ultimately affecting calcium homeostasis and bone density.

While other options mentioned may sometimes be associated with different medications or conditions, they do not specifically relate to the adverse effects of barbiturates. Increased energy and appetite are generally not outcomes of barbiturate use, as they tend to cause sedation and reduced appetite. Insomnia is typically a condition that barbiturates are intended to treat rather than a side effect they produce. Therefore, bone disease stands out as a specific and well-documented adverse effect of barbiturate use.