What side effects should be monitored when administering ESA?

When administering Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA), it is crucial to monitor for side effects that are associated with increased levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, which can lead to dangerous cardiovascular events. The correct side effects to monitor include the risk of clots, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accidents.

ESAs stimulate red blood cell production, potentially leading to an elevation in blood viscosity. This increased viscosity can promote thromboembolic events, such as blood clots. Moreover, there is a clear association between elevated hemoglobin levels and the increased risk of cardiovascular complications, including heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, continuous monitoring for these events is essential to ensure patient safety, particularly in populations that may already be at risk for cardiovascular issues.

In contrast, the other options do not represent the key side effects of ESA administration. For example, while hyperkalemia and hypotension could be concerns with other medications or conditions, they are not direct risks associated with ESA use. Similarly, gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea and nausea, as well as metabolic issues such as hypoglycemia and fatigue, are not typically linked to ESA therapy. Thus, monitoring for clots, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accidents is essential to managing