What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

Loop diuretics primarily target the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the nephron. Their mechanism of action involves inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC2) located in this segment. By blocking this transporter, loop diuretics prevent the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions back into the bloodstream. This results in increased excretion of these electrolytes along with water, leading to diuresis.

This action not only helps to reduce fluid overload and lower blood pressure in conditions such as heart failure and edema but also affects the concentration of urinary electrolytes and can lead to electrolyte imbalances if used long-term. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for healthcare providers when considering loop diuretics' therapeutic use and managing potential side effects.